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Using Gaussian Processes to Optimise Concession in Complex Negotiations against Unknown Opponents
Colin R. Williams, Valentin Robu, Enrico Gerding and Nicholas R. Jennings
In multi-issue automated negotiation against unknown opponents, a key part of effective negotiation is the choice of concession strategy. In this paper, we develop a principled concession strategy, based on Gaussian processes predicting the opponent's future behaviour, and use this to set the agent's concession rate dynamically during a single negotiation round. We analyse the performance of our strategy and show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art negotiating agents from the 2010 Automated Negotiating Agents Competition, in both a tournament setting and in self-play, across a variety of negotiation domains.